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SYLLABUS GATE Architecture and Planning Syllabus 2027: AR PDF and Exam Pattern
GATE AR syllabus 2027 with the official PDF, 100-mark exam pattern and complete section-wise topic tables for Architecture and Planning.
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GATE AR syllabus 2027Architecture and PlanningGATE 2027 PDFIIT Madras
Use the available GATE AR Syllabus 2027 download resources and review the detailed syllabus, unit-wise topics, exam pattern information, preparation guidance below.
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Key Highlights
- AR is the official GATE code for Architecture and Planning.
- The official syllabus contains 16 sections: Design and Graphics; Environmental Planning and Landscape; Urban Design and Conservation; Town Planning, Housing and Real Estate Development; History and Theory of Architecture; Climatology and Environmentally Responsive Design; Building Construction, Materials, and Structural Systems; Building Services; Computer Applications in Architecture; Project Management and Professional Practice; Planning History, Theory and Techniques; Planning Policy and Practice; Infrastructure, Services and Utilities; Urban Land Use and Transportation; Data Analysis, Remote Sensing and Geo-informatics; Project Implementation and Financing.
- The paper is a 3-hour Computer-Based Test for 100 marks, including 15 marks of General Aptitude.
- Allowed second-paper codes when AR is primary: CE, GE.
- The official IIT Madras PDF is available in the download section.
GATE AR Syllabus 2027 Overview
The official GATE AR syllabus 2027 is split into a compulsory Part A and two specialist Part B options. Every candidate answers Part A, then attempts either Part B1 Architecture or Part B2 Planning. This page preserves all 16 official section tables and explains the choice clearly so aspirants can separate common preparation from their selected discipline.
How the GATE AR Optional Part Works
- Part A is compulsory and covers Design and Graphics, Environmental Planning and Landscape, Urban Design and Conservation, and Town Planning, Housing and Real Estate Development.
- Choose Part B1 for the Architecture syllabus or Part B2 for the Planning syllabus; do not prepare both as compulsory exam portions.
- GATE provides one AR score and rank; it does not issue separate Architecture and Planning ranks.
How to Prepare from the GATE AR Syllabus
- Create one checklist for every official section and retain the same sequence used in the PDF.
- Start with a diagnostic test, then allocate more study time to weak high-coverage sections instead of dividing time equally.
- Solve previous-year GATE questions immediately after completing each topic and record errors by concept, calculation and time pressure.
- Revise formulas, definitions and frequently confused conditions in short weekly cycles, followed by mixed-section tests.
- Use the official PDF as the final scope document; coaching notes should expand a listed topic, not introduce an unrelated syllabus.
GATE AR Official Source and Internal Links
The syllabus tables were checked against the IIT Madras GATE 2027 AR PDF. Use the download section for the database-hosted copy, the GATE syllabus hub to switch papers, and the notification page for registration dates and policy updates.
Exam Pattern
GATE AR Exam Pattern 2027
| Section | Marks | How it applies |
|---|---|---|
| General Aptitude | 15 | Common section |
| AR Part A | 60 | Common Architecture and Planning section |
| AR Part B1 or B2 | 25 | Architecture or Planning; selected during the exam |
| Total | 100 | 3-hour CBT |
General Aptitude
Marks
15
How it applies
Common section
AR Part A
Marks
60
How it applies
Common Architecture and Planning section
AR Part B1 or B2
Marks
25
How it applies
Architecture or Planning; selected during the exam
Total
Marks
100
How it applies
3-hour CBT
GATE AR Question and Marking Rules
| Question type | Possible marks | Negative marking |
|---|---|---|
| MCQ | 1 or 2 | Yes: 1/3 for a wrong 1-mark MCQ; 2/3 for a wrong 2-mark MCQ |
| MSQ | 1 or 2 | No negative marking and no partial marking |
| NAT | 1 or 2 | No negative marking |
MCQ
Possible marks
1 or 2
Negative marking
Yes: 1/3 for a wrong 1-mark MCQ; 2/3 for a wrong 2-mark MCQ
MSQ
Possible marks
1 or 2
Negative marking
No negative marking and no partial marking
NAT
Possible marks
1 or 2
Negative marking
No negative marking
Syllabus Breakdown
GATE AR Syllabus 2027 - Official Section-wise Topics
The tables below preserve the section order and complete topic coverage published by IIT Madras for the GATE 2027 AR paper. Use each table as a study and revision checklist, and verify any later corrigendum against the official PDF.
Part A: Common Section
Section A.1: Design and Graphics
| Topic area | Official syllabus coverage |
|---|---|
| Official coverage | Architectural Graphics; Visual composition in 20 and 30; Form; Surface development; Anthropometrics; Ergonomics, Ratio and proportion, Scales in design, Organization of space; Plans, elevations, and sections of buildings; Circulation-horizontal and vertical; Universal design; Building bye-laws; Codes and standards, Barrier-free environment; Engineering curves; Orthographic and Isometric projection; One-point and two-point perspectives; Light, shade and shadow; |
| Topic area | Official syllabus coverage |
|---|---|
| Official coverage | Architectural Graphics; Visual composition in 20 and 30; Form; Surface development; Anthropometrics; Ergonomics, Ratio and proportion, Scales in design, Organization of space; Plans, elevations, and sections of buildings; Circulation-horizontal and vertical; Universal design; Building bye-laws; Codes and standards, Barrier-free environment; Engineering curves; Orthographic and Isometric projection; One-point and two-point perspectives; Light, shade and shadow; |
Section A.2: Environmental Planning and Landscape
| Topic area | Official syllabus coverage |
|---|---|
| Official coverage | Natural and man-made ecosystem; Environmental, ecological, and sustainability principles; Environmental pollution-types, causes, controls and abatement strategies; Sustainable development goals and strategies; Climate change and built environment; Urban ecosystem approach; Ecological footprint and carrying capacity; Resource management; Life cycle analysis; Principles of circular economy; Environmental Impact Assessment; Carbon footprint; Carbon credits; Urban Heat Islands; Sustainable site planning; Contour and slope analysis; Landscape planning and design; Landscape suitability analysis; Plant characteristics and planting designs; Landscape conservation - principles and techniques; Social forestry; Historical gardens; |
| Topic area | Official syllabus coverage |
|---|---|
| Official coverage | Natural and man-made ecosystem; Environmental, ecological, and sustainability principles; Environmental pollution-types, causes, controls and abatement strategies; Sustainable development goals and strategies; Climate change and built environment; Urban ecosystem approach; Ecological footprint and carrying capacity; Resource management; Life cycle analysis; Principles of circular economy; Environmental Impact Assessment; Carbon footprint; Carbon credits; Urban Heat Islands; Sustainable site planning; Contour and slope analysis; Landscape planning and design; Landscape suitability analysis; Plant characteristics and planting designs; Landscape conservation - principles and techniques; Social forestry; Historical gardens; |
Section A.3: Urban Design and Conservation
| Topic area | Official syllabus coverage |
|---|---|
| Official coverage | Historical and modern examples of urban design; Elements of urban built environment - urban form, spaces, structure, pattern, fabric, texture, grain; Theories, principles, tools and techniques of urban design; Precincts, character, spatial qualities; Placemaking ; Form-based code; Urban design interventions for sustainable development and transportation; Development controls - FAR, densities and building byelaws; Urban renewal and conservation; Heritage conservation; Historical and contemporary public spaces; |
| Topic area | Official syllabus coverage |
|---|---|
| Official coverage | Historical and modern examples of urban design; Elements of urban built environment - urban form, spaces, structure, pattern, fabric, texture, grain; Theories, principles, tools and techniques of urban design; Precincts, character, spatial qualities; Placemaking ; Form-based code; Urban design interventions for sustainable development and transportation; Development controls - FAR, densities and building byelaws; Urban renewal and conservation; Heritage conservation; Historical and contemporary public spaces; |
Section A.4: Town Planning, Housing and Real Estate Development
| Topic area | Official syllabus coverage |
|---|---|
| Official coverage | Principles and concepts of town planning; Traditional and modern planned cities in India and abroad; Housing typologies; Concepts of housing need, demand, supply and shortage; Neighbourhood design; Residential densities; Affordable and incremental housing; Slums, squatters and informal housing; Standards for housing and community facilities; Housing for special areas and needs; Real estate valuation; Real estate feasibility studies and market analysis; Real Estate locational decisions and economic analysis; Project phasing and construction phasing; |
| Topic area | Official syllabus coverage |
|---|---|
| Official coverage | Principles and concepts of town planning; Traditional and modern planned cities in India and abroad; Housing typologies; Concepts of housing need, demand, supply and shortage; Neighbourhood design; Residential densities; Affordable and incremental housing; Slums, squatters and informal housing; Standards for housing and community facilities; Housing for special areas and needs; Real estate valuation; Real estate feasibility studies and market analysis; Real Estate locational decisions and economic analysis; Project phasing and construction phasing; |
Part B1: Architecture
Section B1.1: History and Theory of Architecture
| Topic area | Official syllabus coverage |
|---|---|
| World History of Architecture | Egyptian, Greco-Roman classical period, Byzantine, Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque-Rococo; Recent trends in Contemporary Architecture: Art nouveau, Art Deco, Eclecticism, International styles, Postmodernism, Deconstruction in architecture; Influence of Modern art and Design in Architecture; Indian Architecture; Oriental Architecture; Works of renowned national and international architects; Principles of art, design and Architecture; |
| Topic area | Official syllabus coverage |
|---|---|
| World History of Architecture | Egyptian, Greco-Roman classical period, Byzantine, Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque-Rococo; Recent trends in Contemporary Architecture: Art nouveau, Art Deco, Eclecticism, International styles, Postmodernism, Deconstruction in architecture; Influence of Modern art and Design in Architecture; Indian Architecture; Oriental Architecture; Works of renowned national and international architects; Principles of art, design and Architecture; |
Section B1.2: Climatology and Environmentally Responsive Design
| Topic area | Official syllabus coverage |
|---|---|
| Official coverage | Climatic factors and classification; Solar architecture; Micro and macro climatic considerations in design; Thermal comfort in built environments; Passive design principles and concepts; Building energy audit and management; Embodied and operational energy; Building energy performance simulation and evaluation; Alternate and renewable sources of energy for buildings; Building Performance Rating |
| Official coverage | systems; Kinetic architecture; Sustainable building technologies; |
| Topic area | Official syllabus coverage |
|---|---|
| Official coverage | Climatic factors and classification; Solar architecture; Micro and macro climatic considerations in design; Thermal comfort in built environments; Passive design principles and concepts; Building energy audit and management; Embodied and operational energy; Building energy performance simulation and evaluation; Alternate and renewable sources of energy for buildings; Building Performance Rating |
| Official coverage | systems; Kinetic architecture; Sustainable building technologies; |
Section B1.3: Building Construction, Materials, and Structural Systems
| Topic area | Official syllabus coverage |
|---|---|
| Building construction techniques, methods and details | foundation, plinth, masonry, bonds, fenestrations, arches, scaffolding, formwork, timber/RCC/Steel frame construction, roof and roof covering; Lightweight construction; Fire protection; Flooring systems; Principles of Modular Coordination; Prefabricated construction; Building materials characteristics & applications; Different types of building materials for walls, floor, roof, finishes, repair and retrofitting, acoustic & insulation materials, damp prevention; Alternative building materials; Building structural systems; Elastic and Limit State design; Structural systems; Design with steel and RCC; Principles of Prestressing; High Rise and Shell structures; Gravity and lateral load resisting systems; Space frames; Long span structures; Suspension structures; Catenary structures; Wind load & seismic considerations in high-rise structures; Disaster resistant structures; Temporary structures for rehabilitation; |
| Topic area | Official syllabus coverage |
|---|---|
| Building construction techniques, methods and details | foundation, plinth, masonry, bonds, fenestrations, arches, scaffolding, formwork, timber/RCC/Steel frame construction, roof and roof covering; Lightweight construction; Fire protection; Flooring systems; Principles of Modular Coordination; Prefabricated construction; Building materials characteristics & applications; Different types of building materials for walls, floor, roof, finishes, repair and retrofitting, acoustic & insulation materials, damp prevention; Alternative building materials; Building structural systems; Elastic and Limit State design; Structural systems; Design with steel and RCC; Principles of Prestressing; High Rise and Shell structures; Gravity and lateral load resisting systems; Space frames; Long span structures; Suspension structures; Catenary structures; Wind load & seismic considerations in high-rise structures; Disaster resistant structures; Temporary structures for rehabilitation; |
Section B1.4: Building Services
| Topic area | Official syllabus coverage |
|---|---|
| Official coverage | Natural and mechanical ventilation; HVAC design principles; Air-Conditioning systems; Water supply and distribution system; Water harvesting systems; Water treatment, recycling and reuse; Storm water drainage; Sewage and waste disposal; Sanitary fittings and fixtures; Plumbing systems; Drainage system; Principles of electrification and illumination and special lighting for buildings; Acoustics in buildings; Vertical transport systems-standards and uses; Building automation systems; Firefighting Systems; Building Safety and Security systems; Building Management Systems; Services for specialised buildings like Hospitals, Indoor Sports Stadiums & High-rise buildings; |
| Topic area | Official syllabus coverage |
|---|---|
| Official coverage | Natural and mechanical ventilation; HVAC design principles; Air-Conditioning systems; Water supply and distribution system; Water harvesting systems; Water treatment, recycling and reuse; Storm water drainage; Sewage and waste disposal; Sanitary fittings and fixtures; Plumbing systems; Drainage system; Principles of electrification and illumination and special lighting for buildings; Acoustics in buildings; Vertical transport systems-standards and uses; Building automation systems; Firefighting Systems; Building Safety and Security systems; Building Management Systems; Services for specialised buildings like Hospitals, Indoor Sports Stadiums & High-rise buildings; |
Section B1.5: Computer Applications in Architecture
| Topic area | Official syllabus coverage |
|---|---|
| Official coverage | Fundamental principles of computational methods; Logic-based understanding of pattern recognition, simulation, and data analytics; Computer applications in building design and performance analysis; Architectural visualization: 3d Modelling and BIM, Rendering, Virtual Reality, Augmented Reality; Computational design: parametric design, shape grammar and generative design; Visual communication; User Interface and User Experience Design; Digital design and fabrication methods: CNC mining and 3d printing; Artificial Intelligence for architecture. |
| Topic area | Official syllabus coverage |
|---|---|
| Official coverage | Fundamental principles of computational methods; Logic-based understanding of pattern recognition, simulation, and data analytics; Computer applications in building design and performance analysis; Architectural visualization: 3d Modelling and BIM, Rendering, Virtual Reality, Augmented Reality; Computational design: parametric design, shape grammar and generative design; Visual communication; User Interface and User Experience Design; Digital design and fabrication methods: CNC mining and 3d printing; Artificial Intelligence for architecture. |
Section B1.6: Project Management and Professional Practice
| Topic area | Official syllabus coverage |
|---|---|
| Official coverage | Construction planning and equipment; Construction project management techniques e.g. PERT, CPM; Professional practice and ethics; Estimation, costing and specification; Tendering; Arbitration; Role of Council of Architecture; Architecture journalism; Industrial architecture; Human Sociology; Building Economics; Interior design; |
| Topic area | Official syllabus coverage |
|---|---|
| Official coverage | Construction planning and equipment; Construction project management techniques e.g. PERT, CPM; Professional practice and ethics; Estimation, costing and specification; Tendering; Arbitration; Role of Council of Architecture; Architecture journalism; Industrial architecture; Human Sociology; Building Economics; Interior design; |
Part B2: Planning
Section B2.1: Planning History, Theory and Techniques
| Topic area | Official syllabus coverage |
|---|---|
| Official coverage | Origins of the city; Pre-industrial cities; Post-industrial cities; Garden City, City Beautiful, Broadacre, Radial City, Linear City; Concepts and theories of urban planning; Ekistics; Urban sociology; Theories of urban geography; Regional delineation; Settlement hierarchy; Urban growth models; Industrial location theories; Contemporary planning ideas and trends: Eco City, Smart City; Network Cities, Global Cities etc.; Global North and South perspectives; Land use and land cover classification; Types, tools, and techniques of surveys; Sampling techniques; Demography - definition and variables; Techniques of population projections; Estimation and forecasting techniques in planning; Socio-economic analysis; Goal formulation and scenario analysis; Planning indicators, norms, and standards; Public perception and user behaviour; |
| Topic area | Official syllabus coverage |
|---|---|
| Official coverage | Origins of the city; Pre-industrial cities; Post-industrial cities; Garden City, City Beautiful, Broadacre, Radial City, Linear City; Concepts and theories of urban planning; Ekistics; Urban sociology; Theories of urban geography; Regional delineation; Settlement hierarchy; Urban growth models; Industrial location theories; Contemporary planning ideas and trends: Eco City, Smart City; Network Cities, Global Cities etc.; Global North and South perspectives; Land use and land cover classification; Types, tools, and techniques of surveys; Sampling techniques; Demography - definition and variables; Techniques of population projections; Estimation and forecasting techniques in planning; Socio-economic analysis; Goal formulation and scenario analysis; Planning indicators, norms, and standards; Public perception and user behaviour; |
Section B2.2: Planning Policy and Practice
| Topic area | Official syllabus coverage |
|---|---|
| Official coverage | Concepts, factors and trends of urbanization; International charters and mandates for planning; Constitutional and legal provision for planning; Planning as a state subject; Policies and programs for planning in India; Types and hierarchy of plans; Development norms, standards and guidelines such as URDPFI; Eminent |
| Official coverage | domain; Land pooling and readjustment; Land acquisition; Laws governing land; Institutions of urban governance; Composition and functions of local self-governments and statutory institutions; Urban reforms and good governance; Participatory planning and use of technology; Municipal information systems, land information systems, cadastral systems; |
| Topic area | Official syllabus coverage |
|---|---|
| Official coverage | Concepts, factors and trends of urbanization; International charters and mandates for planning; Constitutional and legal provision for planning; Planning as a state subject; Policies and programs for planning in India; Types and hierarchy of plans; Development norms, standards and guidelines such as URDPFI; Eminent |
| Official coverage | domain; Land pooling and readjustment; Land acquisition; Laws governing land; Institutions of urban governance; Composition and functions of local self-governments and statutory institutions; Urban reforms and good governance; Participatory planning and use of technology; Municipal information systems, land information systems, cadastral systems; |
Section B2.3: Infrastructure, Services and Utilities
| Topic area | Official syllabus coverage |
|---|---|
| Official coverage | Water supply demand; Sources of water and intakes; Groundwater yield and recharge; Service Reservoir and Pumps; Water distribution system layout and network design; Water treatment; Water quality and testing; Water sensitive urban planning; Off-site and on-site sanitation; Decentralized sewerage system; Water carriage systems; Sewage quantity; Sewerage layout and network design; Sewer section and sewer design; Sewer appurtenances; Waste water treatment; Sewage disposal; Surface water runoff estimate, Discharge from streams and rivers; Flood protection measures; Layout and design of storm water drains; Rain water harvesting; |
| Solid waste management | collection, storage, transportation and disposal; Waste composition and characteristics; Recycling and Reuse of solid waste; Processing and treatment of solid wastes; Area requirements and location choice criteria for different facilities and infrastructure; Standards, rules and Codes; Fundamentals of power transmission & distribution; Transformers, Feeders, Substation; |
| Topic area | Official syllabus coverage |
|---|---|
| Official coverage | Water supply demand; Sources of water and intakes; Groundwater yield and recharge; Service Reservoir and Pumps; Water distribution system layout and network design; Water treatment; Water quality and testing; Water sensitive urban planning; Off-site and on-site sanitation; Decentralized sewerage system; Water carriage systems; Sewage quantity; Sewerage layout and network design; Sewer section and sewer design; Sewer appurtenances; Waste water treatment; Sewage disposal; Surface water runoff estimate, Discharge from streams and rivers; Flood protection measures; Layout and design of storm water drains; Rain water harvesting; |
| Solid waste management | collection, storage, transportation and disposal; Waste composition and characteristics; Recycling and Reuse of solid waste; Processing and treatment of solid wastes; Area requirements and location choice criteria for different facilities and infrastructure; Standards, rules and Codes; Fundamentals of power transmission & distribution; Transformers, Feeders, Substation; |
Section B2.4: Urban Land Use and Transportation
| Topic area | Official syllabus coverage |
|---|---|
| Official coverage | Land Use-Transport-Urban form interaction; Urban structures and land use pattern; Economics concepts of land, rent, land use and land values; Land value capture; Transit Oriented Development, Urban regeneration and brown field redevelopment; Real estate pricing; Accessibility measures; Residence and employment location choice; Aggregate and disaggregate transport demand models and forecasting; Traffic and travel demand management and control in urban areas; Process and principles of traffic engineering; Design of roads, intersections, grade separators and parking areas; Hierarchy of roads and level of service; Modes of transportation; Pedestrian and non-motorized transport planning; Traffic survey methods, Traffic flow Analysis; Transport infrastructure and allied facilities planning; Intelligent transportation systems; |
| Topic area | Official syllabus coverage |
|---|---|
| Official coverage | Land Use-Transport-Urban form interaction; Urban structures and land use pattern; Economics concepts of land, rent, land use and land values; Land value capture; Transit Oriented Development, Urban regeneration and brown field redevelopment; Real estate pricing; Accessibility measures; Residence and employment location choice; Aggregate and disaggregate transport demand models and forecasting; Traffic and travel demand management and control in urban areas; Process and principles of traffic engineering; Design of roads, intersections, grade separators and parking areas; Hierarchy of roads and level of service; Modes of transportation; Pedestrian and non-motorized transport planning; Traffic survey methods, Traffic flow Analysis; Transport infrastructure and allied facilities planning; Intelligent transportation systems; |
Section B2.5: Data Analysis, Remote Sensing and Geo-informatics
| Topic area | Official syllabus coverage |
|---|---|
| Official coverage | Types of data and sources of data for planning; Descriptive statistics; Tests of normality; Inferential statistics: linear and multiple regression, testing of hypothesis, testing of error, ANOVA etc.; Decision Problem Structuring: Analytical Hierarchical Process, Multi-Criteria Analysis etc.; Basic concepts in satellite remote sensing, satellites, sensors, and coverage; Principles of digital image processing; Satellite data products and their use; Aerial photography; Principles of photogrammetry; Application of remote sensing in urban and regional studies; G.l.S applications in planning; Georeferencing; Storage of spatial data; Processing tools; 2d(spatial), 3d(elevation) and 4d(temporal) data analysis and modeling; Database management systems; Structured query Language; Spatial queries; Application of Machine Learning in urban planning; Smart city loT applications; Python basics; Urban Analytics; Spatial Data Infrastructure; |
| Topic area | Official syllabus coverage |
|---|---|
| Official coverage | Types of data and sources of data for planning; Descriptive statistics; Tests of normality; Inferential statistics: linear and multiple regression, testing of hypothesis, testing of error, ANOVA etc.; Decision Problem Structuring: Analytical Hierarchical Process, Multi-Criteria Analysis etc.; Basic concepts in satellite remote sensing, satellites, sensors, and coverage; Principles of digital image processing; Satellite data products and their use; Aerial photography; Principles of photogrammetry; Application of remote sensing in urban and regional studies; G.l.S applications in planning; Georeferencing; Storage of spatial data; Processing tools; 2d(spatial), 3d(elevation) and 4d(temporal) data analysis and modeling; Database management systems; Structured query Language; Spatial queries; Application of Machine Learning in urban planning; Smart city loT applications; Python basics; Urban Analytics; Spatial Data Infrastructure; |
Section B2.6: Project Implementation and Financing
| Topic area | Official syllabus coverage |
|---|---|
| Official coverage | Reforms in municipal finance; Municipal tax administration; Municipal budgeting; Fiscal indicators for finance; Municipal bonds/debentures; Loans and credit rating; Recovery mechanisms and pricing of services and infrastructure; Partnership approaches and types of contracts; Financial Viability & cost-benefit analysis; Project implementation, monitoring and evaluation; Asset management; Operation and maintenance; Institutional organizational structures and capacity building; |
| Topic area | Official syllabus coverage |
|---|---|
| Official coverage | Reforms in municipal finance; Municipal tax administration; Municipal budgeting; Fiscal indicators for finance; Municipal bonds/debentures; Loans and credit rating; Recovery mechanisms and pricing of services and infrastructure; Partnership approaches and types of contracts; Financial Viability & cost-benefit analysis; Project implementation, monitoring and evaluation; Asset management; Operation and maintenance; Institutional organizational structures and capacity building; |
Download Official PDFs & Question Papers
Official GATE AR Syllabus 2027 PDF
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Frequently Asked Questions
Use the featured PDF button on this page. It opens the database-hosted copy of the official IIT Madras AR syllabus.
Yes. General Aptitude is compulsory in every GATE 2027 test paper and carries 15 marks.
The paper uses Multiple Choice Questions, Multiple Select Questions and Numerical Answer Type questions carrying one or two marks.
Negative marking applies only to incorrect MCQs. MSQ and NAT questions have no negative marking, and MSQs have no partial marking.
Follow the official section order, complete topic-level concepts and examples, solve previous-year questions after each unit, and use full-length mock tests only after completing the major sections.